Canada’s newly enhanced climate plan includes a gradually rising price on carbon – to $170 per tonne by 2030. That’s a high price by international standards and gives Canada a credible shot at hitting its 2030 climate target.
Some might assume that a higher carbon price reduces the need for other policy approaches. Commentator Andrew Coyne has taken the market-fundamentalist position that a higher carbon price should be Canada’s single climate policy, and governments should do little else. However, the plan to increase the carbon price creates an urgent need for a robust “green industrial policy.”
That’s the approach in which governments actively guide the economy toward net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (or beyond). Rather than simply sending signals to the market, industrial policy recognizes that governments co-create development pathways with the private sector through strategies customized to unique regional and sectoral contexts. Green industrial policies include the Energiesprong project to transform building retrofits, the U.S. SunShot Initiative and the role public investment banks play in deploying sustainable energy.
Lack of explicit industrial policy doesn’t mean state direction is absent – it often means incumbents with the greatest political power have captured government decision-making, which maintains a status quo rather than producing activist industrial policy. The persistence of fossil fuel subsidies is an implicit industrial policy, just not a transformative or environmentally friendly one.
A green industrial policy is urgent because without it, the carbon price is unlikely to receive enough political support to reach its 2030 level or to induce the changes required for a net-zero economy. Here are five reasons why.
1. Political support depends on economic security and access to new services
While commentators like Andrew Coyne hope to see right-wing parties propose a market-fundamentalist position with a carbon price higher than $170 per tonne, we are more likely to see conservative movements exploit people’s economic insecurities by directing their anger against carbon pricing (as we’ve seen in Ontario, Alberta, France and the U.S.).
The federal government will issue quarterly “rebates,” promising to put more money in the pockets of average Canadians paying the carbon tax. This does not prevent people from worrying about how they will pay their monthly bills, however, especially if they have precarious incomes.
Inequality and precarious economic situations also make “the average” a poor indicator. For instance, rural and low- to middle-income households can consume more energy because they live in inefficient and substandard housing – or worse, they’ll avoid heating and cooling at healthy levels to make bills affordable.
The ultimate distributional consequences of carbon pricing depend not only on rebate policies, but on the availability of carbon-reducing services – which often are not adequately provided by markets. There is an urgent need for the government to support universal access to a new suite of carbon-cutting services like building retrofits customized for low- to moderate-income earners and public transit.
Consider that supporting large-scale building retrofits will require a transformation of business models in the sector. Rethinking service provision in a low-carbon economy also demands a renewal of the public sector to be more responsive to citizens’ needs and agile in creating new designs. This is the domain of industrial policy.
A green industrial policy should also guarantee that “good jobs” are available for anyone who wants to build a career in the net-zero economy. Market forces or untargeted pricing and subsidy policies do not create jobs for the people and places that need them most. Active labour-market policies that focus on what individuals need to transition to new careers, and customized technological advice and barrier elimination for firms, work best.
We cannot let carbon pricing become the lightning rod for legitimate anger over inequality and economic insecurity. An industrial policy that creates green services and good jobs will promote economic security, which will give people the tools they need to react to the carbon price by reducing emissions. The alternative is political mobilization against the carbon pricing policy.
2. We need more information
The carbon price conveys information to consumers and businesses about what choices to make in existing markets through prices, but economic decisions require more information.
Pricing information is insufficient because a net-zero-emissions economy requires doing things we have never done before. This concerns not only new technologies, but figuring out how to deploy existing technologies (e.g. insulation and electric vehicles) at unprecedented scales. Such an endeavour requires information about local economic structures, supply chains, cultures and transformative combinations of technologies. This information is conveyed by people and organizations sharing complex ideas in networks rather than prices.
Governments provide valuable information to these networks about things like new technological potentials and regulations. And if governments do not actively participate alongside private sector firms and civil society in these networks, they will lose the ability to understand economic change processes and how to direct them toward net-zero emissions.
There is a caricature of “industrial policy” involving an all-knowing state setting rigid directions. A modern industrial policy approach understands that economies are beset by fundamental uncertainty, requiring governments to lead a process of discovery that taps information from markets and society.
While carbon pricing is a great tool to convey important information through markets, we must recognize that it is a one-dimensional signal about what to do (don’t buy or produce things with high emissions). It offers little guidance about the best way to do this. Industrial policy facilitates the sharing of more complex information about net-zero solutions, which will create a stronger reaction to any carbon price.
3. Carbon pricing pushes, while industrial policy steers
Carbon pricing pushes toward reducing emissions, but it does not steer toward the most promising social and technological futures. There is a danger that economic decisions that pass a cost-benefit test with a carbon price (e.g. a pipeline or new highway) are legitimized, when they could pull us toward dead ends that put net-zero emissions out of reach. If we are moving toward a dead end, the political interests dependent on carbon pollution are likely to more strongly mobilize to weaken carbon prices. Industrial policy concerns itself with the direction of economic change – it can navigate and steer while carbon pricing pushes.
An industrial policy approach also gives policy-makers more tools and greater flexibility, which will be particularly useful during unanticipated shocks. Note that governments stalled planned carbon-pricing increases in reaction to the pandemic. But the pandemic also created opportunities to invest in active transportation infrastructure and a green recovery strategy. Future shocks are inevitable, and when they come, we will need public sector institutions with diverse solutions readily available.
Also, while carbon pricing provides a push, we need zero-carbon strategies to take flight – deploying solutions like building retrofits, renewable energy and industrial decarbonization at scales never before achieved. The history of transitions shows that such take-offs are not created by price changes alone. They require new combinations of technologies, changes in regulatory systems to complement new technologies, and a new “common sense” about how to produce things and what constitutes a good life. Such systemic changes are not triggered by risk-averse firms, acting independently. The public sector has the role of monitoring larger systems and creating new societal bargains, and it has the ability to take the risks associated with pushing technological and organizational frontiers.
4. While carbon pricing is broad, industrial policy is targeted
Carbon pricing works best when it provides a broad and uniform price signal; however, the price will have unique impacts on different sectors and regions.
While a high carbon price may create major changes in sectors like electricity, it may have minimal impact in decentralized and less coordinated areas such as housing or agriculture. An industrial policy approach will introduce new technologies and business models in strategic sectors and enable them to react to the carbon price by producing less carbon instead of opposing the policy change.
In Canada, we will also see a variety of regional transitions instead of a national one. Quebec’s history with hydroelectric power creates different net-zero pathways compared to Alberta’s history of oil and gas development. A regionally differentiated policy is important because we cannot escape the politics of federalism, and opposition to carbon pricing is coming from regional political interests. The more a green industrial policy can identify and support promising net-zero pathways that build from pre-existing regional assets, the better the chance of building supportive political coalitions for more climate action in the regions themselves.
5. Industrial policy defines the Canadian role in a net-zero economy
Democratic deliberations about what type of society we want should be more comprehensive than the decision to change prices and let markets figure it out. There are many reasons why Canadians might desire a different bundle of net-zero solutions than the ones induced by a higher carbon price. Perhaps we want to avoid the risks associated with nuclear waste, or we wish to deploy clean energy in a way that also encourages reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples? Good industrial policy considers how societal aspirations should influence the direction and character of economic development.
In addition, market-based policies do little to ensure Canada benefits from a net-zero transition. Finding the areas where Canadians can make the greatest contribution is important for the global transition, and to reinforce political support for the transition at home. While carbon pricing sends a signal for Canadian solutions-providers to search in new directions, an industrial policy leads this search by creating the space for learning, experimentation and scale-up. We should consider, for instance, how Canadian capabilities in areas such as software and battery systems could create a less dependent relationship with international automakers; how Canadian oil and gas capabilities could promote the development of geothermal, advanced materials and green hydrogen; and how to make energy-efficient housing for our cold climate.
There are parallels here to Canada’s free trade debate. Free trade opponents were concerned that market processes, left to themselves, would exacerbate Canadian dependence on natural resources and foreign technology (a trajectory that has strengthened Canada’s carbon lock-in). A proposed middle path (not taken) was to ensure a robust Canadian industrial policy alongside freer trade. Today, we need a green industrial policy to make sure Canada thrives under a carbon price.
An urgent need for green industrial policy
Environment Minister Jonathan Wilkinson described the new climate plan as an “industrial policy.” This seems to refer to building Canadian manufacturing capabilities in low-carbon supply chains. The concepts outlined above are broader – concerning the government’s role in directing and shaping markets, and embedding market processes in society’s need for economic security and democratic participation.
The new carbon-pricing regime will not launch until 2023, and the $170 price will come into effect in 2030. There are several elections and unexpected events likely to occur between now and then.
To reinforce the carbon-pricing commitment, we need action on developing a more robust green industrial policy this year. This means a bold commitment to long-term public investment to support economic security and the green recovery. It also means developing more specific challenges and missions to set the right direction, such as zero-carbon retrofits of all buildings – with specific focus on low- to moderate-income households. Canada also needs to renew its public sector capabilities and institutions to effectively implement an industrial policy.
Carbon pricing and green industrial policy are complements rather than substitutes, and a meaningful rise in a carbon price makes the need for a well-informed, equality-enhancing, targeted and democratic Canadian green industrial policy only more urgent.
A version of this article first appeared at broadbentinstitute.ca.
Brendan Haley is a Broadbent Institute Policy Fellow. He wrote a PhD thesis on low-carbon transitions in the Canadian context and is the author of a Broadbent Institute report on a Green Entrepreneurial State in Canada.
