Where you land likely depends on your own vested interest, either as a landlord who has turned to the popular short-term rental platform for revenue generation, or as a renter who has watched your housing options dwindle. A decade ago, the sharing economy was held up as a collective balm to the consumption-driven ethos of our societies. Airbnb, which was started by a couple of guys in San Francisco who rented out mattresses in their apartment to be able to make rent, became one of the most emblematic symbols of a more sustainable revolution. But along the way, the venture ballooned into a massive hotel- and rental-market disruptor that many blame for fuelling an ongoing housing crisis.  

Enter New York City, home to an estimated 40,000 Airbnb units – and now the latest city to crack down on short-term rentals. Earlier this month, the city’s Local Law 18 took effect. Now, hosts must register with the city government, and only those who live in the units and are present while renting out space will be authorized to list their properties. There’s also a cap of two guests per unit. They’re among the strictest rules yet adopted by municipal governments that have been waging war against illegal short-term rentals, including those run by shell companies that have used the sharing platform to rent out entire buildings.  

Airbnb’s global policy director denounced the move as “a blow to the tourism economy and the thousands of New Yorkers and small businesses in the outer boroughs who rely on home sharing and tourism dollars to help make ends meet.” The corporation’s attempts to block the law in New York courts have failed, with a judge declaring in August that the restrictions were “entirely rational.”  

New York’s prohibitions also mark a return to the essence of what Airbnb was originally about, and the sharing philosophy that drove it.

The Airbnb controversy is not new. Lawmakers around the world have been forced to respond to mounting public pressure to rein in short-term rentals that many believe are directly linked to plummeting rental stock. Airbnb pulled in US$2.5 billion globally in the second quarter of 2023, a jump of 18% compared to the same period last year. The company said it added a record number of new listings, while the number of nights and experiences booked grew 11% over the same period.  

The rise of digital nomads in places like Mexico City or Buenos Aires has a spillover effect on the availability of housing, as landlords are drawn to the more profitable opportunity to rent in a foreign currency.  

Various cities in Europe have imposed restrictions, such as Vienna, which limits short-term rentals to 90 days a year, or Paris, which has a 120-day cap and also requires local registration. In Quebec, a deadly fire spurred officials to require that short-term renters obtain a licence to operate, while Dallas has limited such rentals to specific neighbourhoods, and Santa Monica has banned rentals of fewer than 30 days. Earlier this year, the Green Party of British Columbia called on the government to create a short-term rental registry so that officials could properly track how they are affecting the local housing market, which has become alarmingly unaffordable. In the Gulf Islands, a stream of units is now available through Airbnb and Vrbo platforms, making it difficult for residents and workers to find accommodation, according to the Salt Spring Housing Council.  

“We are losing hospital workers, we’re losing teachers, we’re losing tradespeople. Our businesses are impacted,” Mairi Welman, chair of the council, told CBC earlier this year.  

The New York case reveals the greys of the matter, with some Airbnb hosts complaining that the city government has used too blunt of an instrument to regulate the housing landscape. “Often rental income is the means through which a homeowner can afford their mortgage,” said Restore Homeowner Autonomy & Rights, a group of one- and two-family homeowners in New York’s five boroughs that is lobbying the city government to tweak its rules.

“Eliminating the option of short-term rentals will threaten owners’ ability to cover their mortgages, possibly creating an additional housing crisis.”  

Airbnb, likely reading the room, launched a “Sustainable Hosting Plan” in the United Kingdom last year, with the goal of making housing more affordable for its hosts while cutting back on carbon emissions. Hosts had until the end of January 2023 to apply for a grant worth up to £3,000, to help cover the cost of energy-efficiency improvements, such as insulation or replacing an old boiler. The company had earmarked a total of £1 million for the fund. 

“In the face of rising energy bills, we want to support Hosts further by helping them with energy efficiency improvements and bringing their bills down in the long-term,” Amanda Cupples, general manager for Northern Europe at Airbnb, said in a statement at the time.  

But green PR might not be enough to sway hearts in the face of an ever more alarming affordable housing crisis.  

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Much has changed since that frustrating day four years ago. Back then, it wasn’t unusual for Huerta, who is now the nonprofit’s chief operating officer, to spend hours driving across the state’s San Joaquin Valley servicing vehicles and solving members’ problems. Today, Miocar has a dedicated team to service its fleet of three Nissan Leafs and 34 Bolts spread across 10 locations (it plans to add more cars and locations by the end of the year) while offering guidance to anyone interested in establishing a community-based car share.

Zero-emissions vehicles are essential to achieving global climate goals. But climate policy experts warn that a one-to-one shift from gas to electric cars could exacerbate other forms of social injustice. Such a change could, for example, fuel environmental degradation and worker exploitation in the Global South, where most of the metals needed for batteries are mined. Here at home, people with low incomes struggle to afford EVs, even with ample incentives. Others are often unfamiliar with technology that’s typically targeted at the affluent. Those who can afford the cars often have precious few places to plug them in.

“I think it’s great that we’re moving towards zero-emissions vehicles,” Huerta said, “but the communities that are continuously left behind are still being left behind.”

To avoid such potholes, a growing number of programs like Miocar are forging an equitable path to zero-emissions transportation by making battery-powered cars accessible to everyone. (Huerta says Miocar is a play on “the Spanglish of the San Joaquin Valley” that tags the Spanish word for “mine” to the word “car.”) Such efforts have emerged in locations as diverse as Boston’s Roxbury neighborhood, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, and Los Angeles, bolstered in part by state and local assistance. Earlier this year, for example, the Washington state Department of Transportation awarded $2.8 million to spur EV car-share efforts in low-income communities statewide.

Beyond enabling a just transition and reducing the number of vehicles — and resources — needed to electrify transportation, electric car sharing represents a shift away from an economy of ownership to one of access, allowing people to embrace environmentally conscious mobility without the burden of buying a car.

What sets community-based nonprofits like Miocar apart from international for-profits like ZipCar is its focus on offering zero emissions vehicles to income-qualified users at reduced rates — often just $4 to $10 an hour. Cars are reserved online, charged up, and can be used for as long as 24 or even 48 hours, depending on the program. For some folks, it’s an easy way of running an errand, taking a pet to the vet, or simply getting somewhere beyond the bus line. For others, it’s an opportunity to get comfortable with an EV before buying one of their own.

With most of Miocar’s users having never so much as sat in an EV before signing up, some are uncertain, even intimidated, at first. Huerta says the most common concern is that the battery might die. But Miocar, like other EV car shares, ensures its cars are charged, and provides dedicated parking spaces with chargers. People are expected to plug in when they drop off. If they forget, there’s a warning, and repeated offenses result in small fines. To further alleviate the anxiety of exhausting the battery, Miocar employees, when orienting newcomers to the program, explain how to plan a trip and find chargers that accept the free charge cards provided with each vehicle.

Once they start driving, users tend to love the vehicles for their ease, quiet, and comfort. “I’ve had conversations with a few that are like, ‘Oh my God, I never knew how much I would enjoy driving this,’” Herta said. When that happens, Miocar connects users to organizations that can explain the tax credits and other incentives that defray the cost of buying an EV, which can go for an average of $61,488 new.

Of course, when people rely on car-share programs instead of purchasing a vehicle of their own, traffic and street congestion drops. In 2016, researchers at the University of California-Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center found that for every car-share vehicle deployed, 7 to 11 others were taken off the road or never put there in the first place. Such findings have been repeatedly supported as these programs have grown.

That said, not everyone can ditch their car. A personal vehicle isn’t so much a luxury as a necessity in rural areas, Huerta said. That’s why Miocar’s mission is guided by the question, “How are we going to be able to do this in an equitable manner where everyone is able to get the same access to resources?”

I think it’s great that we’re moving towards zero-emissions vehicles, but the communities that are continuously left behind are still being left behind.

 

– Gloria Huerta, chief operating officer at Miocar

These programs bridge an essential gap. Low-income communities are not only supermarket and pharmacy deserts; they’re charging deserts, too. Although there is a great need for equitable charging infrastructure, Susan Buchan, the executive director of Good2Go, Boston’s EV car share, said building chargers in frontline communities solves just half the problem. The communities need easy and affordable access to electric vehicles to make the chargers more than just harbingers of green gentrification.

“I’ve heard folks say that it’s kind of a slap in the face to watch somebody pull up in a Tesla, charge, and take off,” she said.

Still, bringing equity-focused car shares online can be a bumpy road. Beyond the technical hassles and occasional vehicle recalls, the economic challenges are formidable. “For public-backed car sharing, one of the biggest barriers is funding,” said Lauren McCarthy, a program director at the nonprofit Shared Use Mobility Center. “They’re not usually profitable operations.” Buchan concurred: “Achieving your mission makes you have a more negative balance sheet in this gig.”

Typically, public funding is available only during the pilot and lasts just a few years. That’s why McCarthy — who oversees a state-backed program in California that provides voucher funding to support shared-mobility initiatives — and the Shared Use Mobility Center offer a year of assistance after initial funding ends to help programs achieve financial sustainability.

Insuring the vehicles is a major hurdle on that path: “Our number one line item,” Buchan said. Despite requiring that drivers be over 21 and possess a clean driving record, Massachusetts places car shares like Good2Go in the highest risk category, driving up premiums. Other states, including California and Minnesota, have more relaxed policies, but McCarthy considers insurance requirements an obstacle to the expansion of shared mobility.

Outreach can be another challenge. In 2021, when Good2Go launched, it struggled with enrollment. The program revamped its efforts the following year, organizing catered events at affordable housing complexes to give residents an opportunity to drive their cars. Membership jumped 300 percent to 160 people, ensuring its fleet of six vehicles gets ample use. Buchan expects the growth to continue as long as the program can continue providing enough vehicles to meet demand.

As more programs like these appear, grow, and become self-sustaining, they have the potential to shift the default means of mobility. “The premise of private car ownership doesn’t need to define our society,” McCarthy said. “There should be multiple options available to you.” In a world of shared transportation, picking up a community-owned car would be one of these options, as would busing, walking, or grabbing a bike or scooter from the sidewalk. As long as our cities are designed to support these programs, an equitable future for clean mobility would look like one in which access takes priority over ownership, and in which we share to show how much we care.

This article originally appeared in Grist at https://grist.org/equity/a-simple-way-to-make-electric-cars-more-accessible-share-them/.

Grist is a nonprofit, independent media organization dedicated to telling stories of climate solutions and a just future. Learn more at Grist.org

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