According to Sims’s latest climate report, every tonne of scrap used for steel production avoids 1.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions compared to producing steel from raw materials. The savings, Mikkelsen says, “are enormous” and added up to a savings of 13 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2023 alone – equivalent to removing almost three million gas-powered cars from the road for a year.

Mikkelsen also likes to say that Sims – the top-ranked firm on the Corporate Knights 2024 Global 100 list of the world’s most sustainable publicly traded corporations with more than $1 billion in revenue – is not a Johnny-come-lately to the circular economy in general and the business of decarbonizing steel in particular. “We weren’t late to this party,” he says. “We were sending out invitations 100 years ago.”

The iron and steel business is a major contributor to the climate crisis. Globally, this industry generates about 7% to 9% of all anthropogenic emissions, or about 2.6 billion tonnes per year, according to World Steel, an industry body. The sector, moreover, isn’t on track to achieve net-zero targets, despite investments in new forms of low-carbon energy for steel plants. As the International Energy Agency reports, “the current pipeline of low- and near zero-emission projects falls short of what is required to meet the [net-zero] scenario, and high-emission projects” – which is to say, coal-fired steel – “make up around two-thirds of all announced projects worldwide.” 

Recycling scrap, in short, makes more sense than ever, although the process, which involves smelting and other energy-intensive processes, also needs to boost its environmental performance.

Among the firms operating in this vertical, Sims scores highly. It earned the top spot on the Global 100, with 100% sustainable revenue and clean investments, a 95% score on the energy productivity of its operations, and 87.5% on its carbon productivity. The company also ranks highly on a range of social metrics – low employee turnover, for example, and strong gender diversity at both the board and C-suite levels. Mikkelsen adds that the firm has pushed to reduce carbon in its own operations, setting a target of 2025 to transition entirely to the use of renewable energy in its shredding and separating operations, as well as longer-term goals, such as becoming carbon neutral by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Its environmental track record is not, however, pristine. In 2022, a B.C.-based metal recycling firm in which Sims owns a stake was slapped with a provincial clean-up order related to the discharge of PCB- and heavy-metal-saturated effluent into the Fraser River; the company is fighting the order in court. The firm has also faced media scrutiny and regulatory action in the U.S. related to air pollution from one of its smelting facilities in the Chicago area. Sims’s 2022 sustainability report notes that the company has sought to comply with state environmental rules by investing US$15 million in an emissions-control system. 

At a high level, Mikkelsen’s pitch to investors is that scrap metal – steel, copper, aluminum, et cetera – has a bright future in the low-carbon economy, thanks to steadily rising demand for electric vehicles, wind turbines, electricity transmission grids, solar panels. “All of those are steel intensive, copper intensive, aluminum intensive.” He points also to the steady growth in the number of metal recycling plants that are either coming online or in the planning stages, in the U.S., Canada, the U.K. and elsewhere. Even countries that traditionally exported scrap metal, like Japan, are building electricity-fired processing  plants. 

But the expansion of demand for recycled metals isn’t immune to market fluctuations. In the past year, global demand for copper has dropped, and the slowing of the Chinese economy has sent ripples through international metal markets. The price of unprocessed scrap, meanwhile, has risen, which means companies like Sims have faced something of a financial squeeze, a dynamic that’s clearly visible in its latest earnings reports. The company generated US$8 billion in revenues in 2023 but saw its profits plunge by 72.9%.

Mikkelsen dismisses these trends as little more than background noise. “We look through the short-term swings and roundabouts of business life,” he says. “The longer-term trend we anticipate is that scrap metal is in short supply.”

We weren’t late to this party. We were sending out invitations 100 years ago.

 

– Stephen Mikkelsen, CEO, Sims Ltd

Yet those swings have forced the company to take a hard look at some of its far-flung holdings so it can, as Mikkelsen quips, “recycle” its capital. For example, Sims finally divested itself of part of its municipal recycling business – a large blue-box operation in New York City. In 2022, the firm sold much of its stake to Closed Loop Partners, a New York–based circular economy fund, and then divested the rest last year. “The New York business was, frankly, largely plastic recycling, and that wasn’t our core business,” he says. (New York’s huge blue-box program is now run by Balcones Recycling.)

Along with a few other divestitures as well as the acquisition of new scrap-processing plants in the U.S., Sims has moved to invest in high-tech sorting equipment designed to recover more of the marketable scrap metal in castoffs like end-of-life automobiles. At one of its plants in Nashville, Tennessee, the company has been piloting new automated sorting systems that have been designed to retrieve valuable metals like copper while separating out substances, like plastics, that don’t have any further value. “We’re using technology like optical recognition and robotics to do the last picking of valuable products out of our recycling and waste streams, which maximizes circularity and creates more value for our customers and our business,” Mikkelsen explains. The firm is also using AI-equipped robots to disassemble spent server racks from data centres. “That’s exciting technology for us, because it improves productivity and the accuracy of what we’re doing there.”

Just don’t expect those kinds of investments to generate much in the way of love from the environmental sector or climate-conscious voters. “We’re not doing those types of things which are very obvious to politicians and, I guess, the public in general. But,” Mikkelsen says, “metal recycling is an extraordinarily important part of how we’re going to decarbonize.” 

The post This scrappy Australian recycling pioneer is the most sustainable corporation of 2024 appeared first on Corporate Knights.

Steel is one of the world’s most carbon-intensive products (accounting for roughly 7% of human-produced CO2 emissions, the International Energy Agency’s Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap says), so having a corporation that makes steel products top Corporate Knights’ Global 100 ranking of the world’s most sustainable companies may seem surprising.

However, during its long history, Schnitzer Steel has developed into a global leader in the collection, processing and sale of the world’s most recycled product: steel. The company generates most of its revenues from recycling steel and other metals. And about a third comes from forging recycled scrap steel into finished products in electric arc furnaces that are powered by hydropower, making the metal extremely low carbon.

It’s only the second recycling company and the first steelmaking company to earn the top spot in the Global 100 since its inception in 2005, highlighting the growing importance of both the circular economy and low-carbon metals in creating a more sustainable future.

The company’s rise to the top of the ranking has been rapid. Last year was the first time it appeared in the index, when it placed 15th. While Schnitzer’s business model leaves it well placed to embrace sustainability, the spark for its current performance came almost a decade ago when the company launched what it called a sustainability framework.

“We’ve been recycling for about a century,” says Tamara Lundgren, Schnitzer’s CEO, chair and president. “But how do we incorporate that into a framework that our employees, suppliers, investors and communities can identify with? Weaving the bigger picture together with the specific targets into everything we do is what has allowed us to garner this honour.”

In 2019, the company set about bolstering its framework by adopting specific goals and metrics to track progress. These included reducing Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions from recycling operations by 25% from 2019 levels by 2025, and reaching net-zero GHG emissions for all operations (steel manufacturing, metals recycling and auto dismantling) by 2050.

“For an ‘old economy’ company to be recognized as a sustainability leader is a great example of how sustainability principles can be successfully applied to an industrial company.”

—Tamara Lundgren, CEO, Schnitzer Steel

Schnitzer has not set specific Scope 3 emissions targets yet because it’s working through how best to account for and verify the emissions inventory data of the various external operations in its supply chain, Lundgren explains. “Once we have our arms around that information, we can confidently set and publish science-based Scope 3 targets. In the meantime, we are still pursuing Scope 3 emissions-reduction initiatives that provide low- and net-zero-carbon solutions for our customers. Our GRN Steel product offering is a good example of such an initiative.”

This year, Schnitzer’s emissions were 24% lower than in 2019, its baseline year when it started tracking its GHGs. This reduction has come from the introduction of measures such as investments in best-available-technology emission control systems that, at the company’s Oakland, California, facility, reduce its Scope 1 emissions by around 3,500 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent a year. Other measures include improved energy efficiency, the use of alternative fuels and resource-conservation projects.

For all its sustainability credentials, the company’s operations aren’t without environmental impact. Recycling metals, while essential to the circular economy, can be a hazardous business. Its Pick-n-Pull car recycling subsidiary paid US$2.5 million in 2022 to settle allegations from 14 district attorneys in California that the company had illegally disposed of toxic materials and had stormwater pollution issues. “When contacted by prosecutors, Pick-n-Pull promptly implemented improved procedures and practices relating to their hazardous waste disposal,” said Contra Costa County District Attorney Diana Becton.

A few years ago, Schnitzer Steel was also involved in a legal dispute with the Oakland Athletics baseball team over the presence of a metals shredding plant near the team’s proposed new ballpark on the waterfront. An appeals court ultimately sided with the company.

Reduce, reuse, recycle

Schnitzer’s approach to sustainability has ultimately paid off, with the company returning a top-quartile performance on a range of Global 100 indicators. It saw a 74% increase in energy productivity over last year and made significant improvements in water (69%) and carbon (55%) productivity. It also scored well for its proportion of non-male board members (five out of nine are women) and racially diverse executives, while it also saw a significant drop in its worker injury rate. The company’s ranking also received a boost by its linking of its CEO’s pay to the achievement of sustainability targets (11% of variable compensation is tied to reaching these goals) and its policy of offering paid sick leave.

As for the profit side of things, last year was the second-best year in the company’s history. “Our people and planet goals are clearly not coming at the expense of profit,” Lundgren says.

“For a company that is 116 years old and that many consider to be ‘old economy’ to be recognized as a leading force in sustainability is a great example of how sustainability principles can be successfully applied to an industrial company.”

Schnitzer’s ascension to the top of the Global 100 is also quite timely, given the recent focus on how to decarbonize hard-to-abate industries, including steelmaking, and the importance of metals in the energy transition. Lundgren points out that technologies of the future like electric vehicles, wind turbines and battery storage are more metals-intensive than their fossil-fuel-powered predecessors.

Yet there is still a widespread ignorance of the importance of recycling steel, copper, aluminum and nickel – all of which Schnitzer recycles using its advanced metal recovery systems – in the energy transition, Lundgren adds.

“There has been underinvestment in metals and mining for years, and there are shortages of some critical ferrous and non-ferrous metals, which we recover and recycle,” she says.

“We can’t eliminate these shortages, but we can alleviate them. Metals recycling is one of the foundational pillars for global decarbonization.”

The post How a one-man scrap metal recycler became the world’s most sustainable corporation appeared first on Corporate Knights.

The surprising developments happened in July as Algoma Steel and ArcelorMittal Dofasco (AMD) committed to reduce their annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by three million tonnes each within the coming decade.

The magnitude of the $1.765-billion investment by AMD is unprecedented and will secure the company’s future for “yet another generation,” said AMD CEO Ron Bedard at the company’s announcement July 30.

Algoma’s $703-million investment will help to secure “high-paying sustainable jobs for the next 50 years,” said CEO Michael McQuade on July 8, a few days after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the project.

The six-million-tonne reduction by these two companies is equivalent to taking 1.8 million passenger vehicles off the road or wiping out emissions from 1.4 million homes, according to the federal GHG calculator. The promised cuts represent almost 1% of Canada’s annual CO2 emissions – 730 million tonnes in 2019.

What makes these announcements stand out is not only their size but their clearly stated CO2 reduction targets and detailed investment and implementation plans, unusual compared with most decarbonization announcements by Canadian companies.

At three million tonnes, the pledge by Sault Ste. Marie–based Algoma would amount to a 70% cut to its annual CO2 emissions by 2030, which according to the last available report in 2019 were 4.3 million tonnes. The reduction by Hamilton-based AMD would equate to a 60% cut to its yearly GHG releases, reported to be 4.8 million tonnes in 2019.

Ottawa provided major support to these companies to help them make these cuts, driven no doubt by the need to claim progress ahead of the international UN climate change conference in November and an expected federal election this fall.

Included in Algoma’s total investment is a $200-million federal grant and a $220-million loan from the government’s Canada Infrastructure Bank. The AMD investment includes a $400-million federal grant. The AMD grant is contingent on additional funding from the province, but company officials said they expect Ontario to support the project.

Both companies have a history of high CO2 emissions as well as local air pollution problems from smoke, soot and more serious pollutants such as benzene and benzo[a]pyrene – two recognized carcinogens. The CO2 cleanup will also address these pollution issues.

The source of these contaminants is the coke ovens and blast furnaces used to make steel, which will be phased out over the next decade.

Like most large integrated steel manufacturers, AMD and Algoma manufacture steel using large quantities of metallurgical coal, which is heated in ovens to produce carbon-intensive coke. The coke is mixed with iron ore in blast furnaces, where the carbon in the coke binds with oxide impurities, resulting in pure liquid iron – and massive CO2 releases into the atmosphere. The iron is further processed in basic oxygen furnaces or electric arc furnaces (EAFs) to create steel.

AMD’s plan to address this problem involves construction of a new direct reduced iron (DRI) furnace and an EAF, which will replace the company’s coke ovens, blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnace. An existing EAF will remain. The two electric arc furnaces will use low-carbon Ontario electricity to further process the liquid iron into steel using scrap steel. The new furnaces are scheduled to be operational by 2028.

To begin, the DRI furnace will use natural gas to convert iron ore to liquid iron, replacing the current blast-furnace process. The natural gas furnace will reduce measured GHG emissions significantly, though the latest science suggests natural gas’s climate benefits over coal may be reduced by methane leaks from gas sites.

Importantly, however, Bedard said the DRI furnace will be built to enable it to be 100% “hydrogen ready” when hydrogen becomes available sometime after startup. Unlike natural gas, hydrogen can remove oxides from ore with zero CO2 emissions if it is produced with carbon-free electricity. This part of the announcement is still speculative, though, because Ontario has no plans for large-scale hydrogen production.

For its part, Algoma announced construction of two electric arc furnaces that will rely on scrap steel as a feedstock, phasing out its coke ovens and blast furnaces. As with AMD, the company can dramatically reduce carbon emissions using low-carbon Ontario electricity. Construction is expected to take 30 months, and operation is scheduled to begin sometime after that.

While the Algoma and AMD announcements were surprising, they weren’t totally unexpected. Both companies have aging primary plants requiring costly coke-oven and blast-furnace retrofits. At the same time, the federal government’s carbon tax ($170/tonne of CO2 by 2030) promises to make GHG emissions very expensive.

The companies have also made significant investments in their secondary operations recently. AMD has invested $800 million since 2013 in a number of projects, including finishing lines suited to lightweight car steel that will be in demand as automakers switch to electric vehicles.

AMD is a subsidiary of ArcelorMittal, the largest steel company in the world. It has other aggressive climate reduction projects underway in Europe and has recently sold its aging ArcelorMittal USA assets, leaving its operations in Canada and Mexico as its key North American properties.

Algoma has been planning a major restructuring as well, with a $1.1-billion deal with Legato Merger Corp., a New York–based special purpose acquisition company. The plan will provide a significant capital injection into Algoma and facilitate an initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

It’s unlikely Algoma and AMD would have approved these major investments without some expectation of government support to address the rising costs and public-image problems of their carbon emissions.

Eugene Ellmen writes about sustainable business and finance. He lives in Hamilton, Ontario.

The post Steel giants sign up for carbon-cutting transformation appeared first on Corporate Knights.

To meet this target, the industry will need to overturn a century of blast furnace steelmaking. These furnaces, huge cauldrons of molten metal at temperatures of more than 1,600°C, consume vast quantities of metallurgical coal, and in the process spew millions of tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.

“I can’t stress enough how significant a transformation this is,” says Catherine Cobden, CEO of the Canadian Steel Producers Association (CSPA), which made the net-zero pledge in March 2020. “It is an aspirational goal, and it will take a significant effort to achieve it.”

But critics say the 2050 goal has not been matched with detailed targets and plans, particularly in the industry’s Southern Ontario heartland. With tens of thousands of people directly and indirectly employed in the industry in Hamilton, there is no city with a greater stake in the future of steel.

“Our local mills are Hamilton’s climate elephant in the room,” says Lynda Lukasik, a 20-year veteran of the anti-pollution group Environment Hamilton. “We clearly need the sector to do something to begin the journey to decarbonization. But we have seen very little action on this front so far.”

So how will this industry journey from its high-carbon present to a net-zero future? To understand this, it’s helpful to know how steel is made.

The dirty side of steel

The first step is to create iron, the basic ingredient that gives steel its strength, light weight and malleability. To create iron, oxides (oxygen molecules) must be removed from iron ore. In most steelmaking centres, including the huge integrated complexes in Hamilton, Sault Ste. Marie and Nanticoke on Lake Erie, this is done by baking coal in high-temperature ovens to produce a hard, grey substance called coke. The coke is heated with iron ore in a blast furnace, producing liquid iron and emitting carbon dioxide as a waste gas. After being further refined in a basic oxygen furnace, the resulting liquid steel is cast into slabs, bars and coils in finishing mills.

These processes take a heavy toll on the climate. The steel industry is responsible for about 7% of global CO2 emissions. In Canada, steel’s share is less because of the huge carbon footprint of our oil and gas industry. Nevertheless, in 2019, steel accounted for 16 million tonnes of CO2, 2% of Canada’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Many companies collect steel scrap, then use electric arc furnaces (EAFs) to melt the scrap back into liquid steel. While EAFs have a much lower carbon footprint, the supply of scrap steel is limited and scrap can’t produce higher grades of steel, so its climate-saving potential is hampered.

In support of its net-zero pledge, the CSPA and its research partners have developed a GHG reduction framework to steer the industry toward low-cost near-term projects that can achieve at least some CO2 reductions by 2030 and long-term projects requiring a bigger commitment of capital and resources after 2030.

Some of the near-term projects in the works:

• ArcelorMittal Dofasco (AMD) in Hamilton is working on trials to replace 40,000 tonnes a year of coal with biomass, such as forest waste. AMD also uses waste gases to power cogeneration equipment with a capacity of 40 megawatts of electricity.

• Stelco is planning a 65 megawatt cogeneration plant and has developed a technology to reduce coke consumption using waste railway ties. Another Stelco project plans to capture 6,300 tonnes of CO2 to produce algae for fish feed and bioplastics.

Algoma in Sault Ste. Marie has made incremental changes as well through cogeneration and other technologies. But in May, it announced a possible switch from blast furnace steelmaking to electric arc production. This would be a major retrofit that could reduce emissions up to 70%; however, it hinges on sourcing sufficient electricity to power the furnaces and scrap steel to replace blast-furnace-produced iron.

While these technologies will result in some near-term emission declines, they aren’t enough to transform the industry to net-zero.

“People need to recognize the reality we are facing with our steel plants,” says Lukasik. “The facilities are major emitters. The companies need to undertake profound upgrades to the primary production elements in order to realize substantial [CO2] reductions.”

Electrowinning – the extraction of oxides from iron ore by electricity rather than coal – is one of the transformational technologies being examined by AMD. But the industry consensus is that green hydrogen technology (hydrogen powered by renewable energy) has the most potential to enable the industry to transition away from coal. Hydrogen can be used as an alternative to coke because it can bind with the oxides in iron ore without emitting CO2. Hydrogen can also build on existing direct reduced iron (DRI) furnaces that reduce ore to iron using natural gas. While natural gas emits CO2, the technology can use hydrogen instead, creating the potential for carbon-free steel. Many plants around the world use these furnaces, including an ArcelorMittal plant in Contrecoeur, Quebec.

There are a number of hydrogen DRI projects underway in Europe, including a joint project by steel company SSAB, iron miner LKAB and power producer Vattenfall of Sweden, which aims to begin production of fossil-free steel by 2026. ArcelorMittal is also building a hydrogen DRI plant at its operation in Hamburg, Germany.

In Canada, the availability of low-carbon hydroelectricity has inspired Iron Ore Co. of Canada and Rio Tinto to launch a feasibility study for a hydrogen DRI plant in Quebec or Labrador.

Too costly to scale?

While these new electricity-based technologies are on the horizon, the cost of bringing them to commercial scale isn’t justified by current steel prices. But there are signs that is about to change.

In one of the most important developments, the federal government has imposed a sharply higher price on carbon, rising gradually from $50 a tonne in 2023 to $170 a tonne in 2030, creating a huge incentive for large emitters to reduce their CO2. “At $50 a tonne, it’s an urgent issue; at $170, it’s existential,” Cobden says.

As well, the industry was encouraged by the recent joint Canada-U.S. Greening Government Initiative, a plan to mandate low-carbon suppliers and infrastructure in government operations and projects.

The final piece of the public-policy puzzle is government support for demonstration projects.

In April, the federal government added $5 billion to its Net Zero Accelerator fund, promising to spend $8 billion over seven years, which, together with some new tax incentives, has the potential to deliver major federal funding to the steel industry.

But hanging over these mechanisms is a world awash in cheap, high-carbon steel, primarily from China. The average GHG intensity of Chinese steel is 2.2 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of finished steel, more than double the Canadian or U.S. intensity.

Cobden says this is why Canada urgently needs to impose tariffs or border controls on high-carbon steel. The federal Liberals have pledged to take this issue to other countries, including the Biden administration in the U.S.

Lacking 2050 vision

So where is the industry going with its net-zero promise?

Chris Bataille, a Canadian researcher with the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, welcomes the policy developments but argues that Canada needs to think more like Swedish steel industry planners, who take a holistic decarbonization approach.

“We need to think right from the iron mines in Quebec and northwestern Ontario through to Hamilton and Contrecoeur through to the markets where the cars are going. We need to think more in those terms. It doesn’t come easily to Anglo Saxon capitalists,” Bataille says. “You need a vision. If you’re not making your own net-zero steel, you’re going to be importing somebody else’s.”

Meanwhile, a rapidly decarbonizing economy can’t wait for Canada’s steel industry to develop this vision.

Growing amounts of steel will be needed to meet mounting demand for electric vehicles and other low-carbon infrastructure, says Peter Warrian, steel expert with the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, which means the blast furnaces and coke ovens of traditional steelmaking will continue. “Keeping coke ovens operating for another five or eight years is essential if you’re going to make electric cars.”

Echoing this, Cobden is careful to emphasize that the industry has not set an interim 2030 carbon reduction target. Nationally, the government has set a goal to cut CO2 emissions by 2030 by 40% to 45% below 2005 levels. “These are national targets. That’s where the country wants to go. That is not where the steel industry can go in the short term.”

Still, in a few years, the industry is going to have to ante up and make some big capital expenditures. Otherwise, steel buyers might decide it’s better to purchase low-carbon steel from other countries than to wait for Canada’s industry to act.

“The leadership of the industry will come to understand that they have a social legitimacy problem,” says Warrian. “At the end of the day, the steel companies and their shareholders are going to have to write cheques.”

Eugene Ellmen writes about sustainable business and finance. He lives in Hamilton, Ontario.

The post Can Steel Town clean up its act? appeared first on Corporate Knights.

When it comes to tackling Canada’s carbon emissions, the fuels that power our cars and heat our homes garner the most attention, but the steel and concrete that go into those vehicles and buildings are also highly carbon intensive. Concrete and steel together account for 14.7% of global carbon dioxide emissions, which cause most global warming. Most of the technologies we need to drastically reduce these emissions already exist: in patents, in some engineer’s lab or in commercial use where conventional technology doesn’t work as well.

Another way to cut emissions is by encouraging design that uses less steel and cement altogether – and uses them more strategically combined with other materials, like wood and sustainable plastics. Updated building and infrastructure codes or regulations that put a price on carbon would encourage builders to try out alternatives.

Other game-changing technologies are within reach, but they need developmental support or guaranteed early markets to build economies of scale: primary steel made with hydrogen and electricity instead of coal, and new cement chemistries and processes that are virtually carbon-free, in line with the 2050 goal for net-zero CO2 emissions the Canadian Steel Producers Association has set for itself.

Here’s a breakdown of how a $1 billion federal investment a year through 2025 could begin to bring these climate game-changers to scale:

• $100 million per year to develop measurement and verification systems to allow carbon pricing and regulations to operate more effectively, and allow already lower emissions producers to capture market share;
• $200 million per year for research and development; and
• $700 million per year in smart, dynamic subsidies to help emerging technologies and approaches prove their effectiveness for broader use (the less GHG-intensive the technology, the greater the subsidies).

These would apply to ultra-low-emissions steel, cement and chemical products and their substitutes for public infrastructure, buildings and vehicles. The subsidies could go towards making all new and retrofit government buildings and infrastructure low emissions in both materials and energy use.

With this $1 billion green jolt to the steel, cement and other materials sectors, the government could stimulate the economy in the short run, reduce Canada’s emissions and improve our long-run competitiveness in a low-carbon world.

Chris Bataille is an energy economist who serves as a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

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